Subway of Ankara

General Presentation

London Underground system, the 14.6 km. in length, double-track heavy rail system, and consists of 12 stations and a depot. Route, stretching from the southeast-northwest direction, linking the city center is the Batıkent.

London Underground system, the service range with 90 seconds to act, to make the speed of 80 km per hour, 108 (36th train) with vehicles in each direction per hour has the capacity to carry 70 000 passengers.

Along the route in the system, max. Education 3% 'species. 3.4 km long main line köprüyol (viaduct), 7.1 km long underground tunnel drilling, 4.1 km long open incision is made and the Level of segment. 1435 mm and the opening line of continuous welded rail is composed of. For emergencies and maintenance services along all main routes are in a walking path.

Passenger station platform length of 140 m. dir. Five stations at six stations in the middle of the platform edge and the edge of the platform and the Red Crescent as well as the station platforms are central.

Storage system at the western end is near Macunköy Station. Storage with the current situation of eight, eight and three transitional care / cleaning lines are contained, and the future storage of fifteen, thirteen and three transitional care / cleaning line will have the capacity to grow. Stored separately in the Control Center, Maintenance, cleaning and general maintenance facilities and administrative offices, including Ankara Metro Operation and Maintenance Center (CPA) building is also available.



General System Security

System security, Ankara Metro system covering the entire range of equipment and design features are provided. Telecommunications facilities, through all the features of the system that monitors and controls an extensive network has been established. Three radio network and a telephone system with a versatile means of communication facilities Business Center is provided. Closed circuit television system (CCTV) allows all of the station platform, escalators and fare collection areas of monitoring are possible. In an emergency, the station or through one or more stations in the Central Business, General Advertisement (PA) system may be made through the announcement. This addition to supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System (SCADA) and hatyolu, transformer stations, Operation and Maintenance Center facilities and passenger station equipment (eg smoke detectors, intrusion door alarm, etc.) constantly be monitored, inspected.

Security officials, are responsible for ensuring the safety of the station. These officers with the station staff, oversees all aspects of station operation and in emergencies, including evacuation of trains and stations are all operating direction of. In all stations, emergency exit door evacuation order has to be used. Even stations in all the doors and platform edge only authorized persons can enter the Business Center to provide locks and fittings are warning the intruder alarm. Allowed to enter certain areas of personnel, other operating and maintenance personnel in order to prevent entry, gradual key / lock system is equipped with.

CPA space (warehouses and workshops), in terms of provision of security is surrounded by barbed wire. IBM entry, entry door in the gate control building will be checked by security guards. Way computers (PCs outside of the computers on the train) and other control equipment CPA administration building on the third floor, next to the Business Centre is located in an air conditioned room. These rooms have both the Business Center of the room, only staff may enter the restricted regions.



CCTV (Closed Circuit TV System)

CCTV, certain areas of the station (platforms, fare collection areas, escalators) allows visual monitoring. Change of image processing, embedded in each passenger station through which the keys are sorted. This system takes all the stations of the camera image and the selected signal to the camera over fiber optic system sends the Business Center to monitor relevant.

Subway System History

Developed for urban public transport system is a kind of subway or underground train which is used all over the world. Many capitals and cities of the metro transport by providing fast and cheap, especially at the time of the traffic is heavy traffic congestion reduces karayollarındaki.
Downtown streets, houses, and sometimes lie beneath the river passing through the tunnel, subway lines, and sometimes they rise above the earth. The first steam locomotive used in the subway, but nowadays works with underground electric power and is equipped with computerized control system.
The first major subway systems, 19 At the end of the 20th century at the beginning of the century London, Moscow, New York and Paris, was established. "Metro" word, meaning the meter and the main city of the Greek word meaning derived from the French police in the Metropolitan (metropolitan) is the abbreviated form of the word.
This type of public transportation systems in the world of the 1980s, 175 had 32 U.S., 21 in the USSR, Japan 10, Britain and China at six in the metro system has four.
Underground public transportation system of the city between the north and South America, New York, Boston, Chicago, San Francisco, Washington, Montreal, Toronto, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Santiago, in Europe, London, Athens, Barcelona, Brussels, Budapest , Copenhagen, Hamburg, Helsinki, Lisbon, Madrid, Milan, Munich, Naples, Oslo, Paris, Prague, Rome, Sofia, Stockholm, Vienna and Warsaw, the Soviet Union in Moscow, Kiev, Leningrad, the Middle East Alexandria, Baghdad and Cairo , Calcutta, India, Beijing, China, Japan, Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya, Bangkok and Singapore in Southeast Asia can be considered.
In Turkey, the first underground rail tunnel system, was established in Istanbul in Beyoglu and Galata. French engineer Henri Gaven'in get right to put forward the project and construction began to be made July 30, 1871 and 17 January 1875, has been in operation. Passengers, who move in opposite directions and the cable is taken with the two cars moved in the tunnel, was expropriated in 1939. Then, taking the steam-powered engines, electric motors has taken place.
Between two stations in a limited number of passengers transported by the first underground railway system for a similar initiative after a period of more than 100 years have passed. September 4th 1989, a 3.5 km section between Aksaray and Esen underground along the 8.5 km long, formed a line of fast tram system was opened to business. Construction was completed in three years, this system will move in 2.5 minutes with the train, 80 km from eight stations were quick way to carry passengers. But the fast tram, the number of passengers in an area less than a mass transit system could not be done. Began operations in 5000 when the daily number of passengers carried, to increase subsequently provided with free bus link has been reached within the first year to 35 thousand a day. Fast tram system will be installed as a starting point for a real mass transportation system can be considered.

Purpose of the subway
Subways and light rail systems provide solutions to traffic congestion on the roads, as other forms of transport in urban areas because of limited transportation will also help to solve the problem. A subway train can carry 400-600 people. The same number of people in six buses to transport by road or 100 cars is required.

Moreover, the subway system, inter-city trains, commuter trains, as well, road, sea and air transportation systems are also provided with the connection. The most successful of the modern subway system stations close to each other at short intervals between trains run faster.

London Public Transport System to Create the Security Concerns

After the subway bombings in Moscow, how vulnerable public transport systems that emerged once again. London public transport system in the world with one of the largest. Public transport in London, officials were working hard to secure, but always failed in this.

In July 2005 London suicide bombers on three underground stations and a bus killed 52 people saldırırak.

Than two weeks after four suicide bombers attempted to attack but were caught before they succeed.

London public transportation security firm Control Risks'ten Jonathan Wood says that it is an attractive target for terrorists.

"People use every day of the attack on a public place makes great psychological impact. This kind of attack would be a great reflection on the media. Terrorist groups so that the goals will draw attention to them."

According to al-Qaeda spokesman Adam Gadahn'a main target of al Qaeda's public transportation.

"Western attacks on mass transportation systems in big cities, albeit unsuccessful life stops. Millions of dollars in damage to the enemy and the enemy was going to bankrupt companies."

With the famous red double-decker bus in London. Hundred years of the city's subway system, but a bigger target for terrorists.

There are more than 10 security cameras in the city. Some of these cameras in public transport systems. The camera will select the foreign body can be installed programs.

But experts say that public transportation is difficult to control. The difference between an attacker with a normal passenger is not easy to choose.

International Institute of Security Studies specialist Nigel Inkster 2005 terrorist attacks in the city's mass transportation lines and has proven to be vulnerable, says:

"One of the bomber detonated explosives in the basement of the subway. This power has made the rescue work and police investigation."

Authorities suspect the public trust in the identification of bodies and individuals. London Transport Oyster his office has developed a new magnetic card. Heng station where passengers go through with this card is detected. This is useful in the event before or after the investigation is

Inskter, "Public transport has to be isolated. This is an important part of a broad effort to combat terrorism." he says.

The 2012 Olympics in London will host the security issue is a serious concern. New transportation lines to the Olympic village being built.

New stations in bomb attacks designed to be least affected, but officials are the best way to catch the attackers before, he said.

Benefits of Subway Systems

Transportation has always been a vital necessity for mankind. In the early times, some animals which have been domesticated by humans were used for transportation. However, in the length of time, there have been more transportation choices, as a result of developments in technologies. Thus, since the 19th century, these improvements led subway systems. Subway system is an electric railway operating below the surface of the ground. At the present day, they have a major key position in transportation systems with their facilities. In fact, subway systems are better than other transport systems because of their health, economic and security advantages.
The first outstanding effect of subway systems is providing better state of health and being friendly with nature. To start with, subway systems supply high quality conditions to make people's psychology better. One of these is that subway systems avoid traffic noise. Hardy (2008) states that noise makes people more antipathetic and angry also the possibility of heart attack and in EU 3% of ischeamic heart disease results from this (para.4). As it is clear from these examples, one can say people will be affected from vehicle noise badly in transportation without subway system. What is more, there is no loss of time in the subway systems. Jordan believes that presently used traffic systems should be abandoned because of rise in fuel prices, time loss on traffic and harmful effect on environment (2008, para.4). Therefore, when subway systems become more widespread, they can be a great solution for traffic problem. Research thus shows that usage of subway systems in transportation will be effective in making people’s psychology better.
In addition to the fact that subway systems make people's psychology better, they also cause less environment pollution. As an example, subway systems protect people from harmful effects of engine exhaust. J.Wargo, L. Wargo and Alderman state, "Although people have grown to accept the smell of engine exhaust as a part of everyday life, our nation is experiencing an epidemic of illnesses made worse by air pollution" (2006, "Overview" section, para. 2). With subway systems it is possible to turn the world a cleaner place and prevent some illnesses. Moreover, subway systems are a big advantage for postponing global warming. DeCicco and Fung (2006) indicate that in 2004, total vehicles in USA emitted 314 MMTc (carbon-equivalent) which causes global warming (‘‘Conclusion’’ section, para. 1). This proof clearly shows how the transportation systems contribute to the global warming without subway systems. Obviously, subway system is the best alternative transportation system for less environment pollution.
The second outstanding effect of subway systems is their economic advantages. First of all, compared to other transport systems, subway systems are cheap and economical. For example, when travelling in town, subway systems can be effective on time and money saving. As research by Demir (2003) shows, apart from the other means of transportations, metro is the easiest and the cheapest way, and its having its own route causes a relief in the traffic (p. 41). Considering the information above, one can say that subway transportation is the most logical and economical choice. Moreover, subway systems are also quick and easy transportation. Saito, Yamashiro, Nakashima and Igarashi assert that the new Subway Line 3 in Fukuoka city in Japan which passes through between the southest part of suburban inhabitant area and the city center, provide a great decrease in residents' travel time if they change their travel style. From this example, one can say that subway systems are the right choice for using the time in an economical way. All these examples prove that subway systems are surely cheaper than other transport.
Besides the fact that subway systems are cheaper than other transport systems, they also have important environment benefits. Most importantly, they increases the value of surrounding areas. Transportation Riders United reports that the rise in the price of houses was a quarter higher in the metro area housed near Dallas' Dart light rail stations than another place (2006, ‘‘Public Transport Increases Value’’ section). This implies that subway stations increase the value of surrounding areas. Also, they have great charm on tourists and help tourism industry. Kingwell states, ‘‘In an era of soaring fuel prices and precious boutique hotels, what about indulging in the subway as a form of tourism? Opportunity costs are minimal, adventures abound and the journey is sometimes more interesting than the destination’’ (2009, para. 4). In view of this information, it can be argued that subway systems are helpful on tourism industry, too. In conclusion, the positive impacts of subway systems on environment benefits are unquestionable.
The final outstanding effect of subway systems is their technological protecting advantages..In the first place, according to other transport, subway systems are safer than other transports. Primarily, in subway system there is a controlling panel of each people.As resarch by Policastro and Gordon (2009) shows, detectors and closed-circuit TV are making protecting safer with helping it to prevent losing time during any problem (p.2). This shows that, one can say that subway transportation is the most safer and reliable.In addition, subway protection systems detecting and preventing the attack quickly.Policastro and Gordon (2009) asserts that protection system with monitors and detectors prevents attack quickly and they are cornfirming where is the attack takes place. This explains that, one can say that subway systems are the right choise for the safe life. All these examples prove that subway systems are surely safer and reliable than other transportations.
Besides the fact that subway system is safer than other transports, it is also protected by special security personnel. Most importantly, in subway system there is control of each passenger by special teams. As research by Murray (2008) shows, officers will now patrolling in subway stations and trains with special guns (para. 6). This shows that, this shows that protection of subway system is the best way of protection public transport. In addition, during the protection of subway system not only special teams and technological detection systems are working, but special dogs are the main assistances of security personnel. Murray (2008) asserts that special K-9 dogs can easily sniff the bomb and detect it, helping the officers to get the terrorist immediately. In view of this information everybody can be sure that subway system is the best protected transport system. In conclusion, protection system of subway is one of the best protection systems and passengers can travel with it safer.
In conclusion, it can be said with no doubt that in people’s daily life, subway systems are a cut above other transportation means due to their advantages on health, budget and security. Subway systems surely protect the environment and supply high quality conditions for health. In addition to their effects in daily life, they contribute to people’s savings and increase the value of the city and also inspire confidence to people. Thus, to have a rapid and satisfactory choice in the world of transportation, subway systems should be used more widespread than other transportation systems. Meanwhile, further research on this subject is recommended to better understand the advantages of subway systems.

The Advantages of Subway Systems

Transportation has been one of the most important necessities since the early ages. In the past, people used animals for transportation. However, later, animal based transportation was not enough to catch people development velocity. Therefore, technology has been used since 19th century with the industrial revolution in transportation especially in railway systems. Subway is one of the products of industrial revolution. In the basic definition, subway is an underground urban railroad, usually operated by electricity. Over the last century, there has been an increase in the subway usage to make people’s lives fast and punctual. In fact, travelling with subway system is the most useful transportation system because of its healthy, economical and technological benefits.

The first important advantage of subway systems are that they are healthy. In the first place, subway systems make people’s psychology better. As an example, subway systems avoid noise pollution. Hardy (2008) states that noise makes people more angry and enhances the possibility of heart attack, causing the EU 3% of ischeamic heart diseases in Europe ( para. 4). This shows that one can say people will be badly impressed by noise of vehicles in the transportation system without subway. Moreover, thanks to subway system, one can reach anywhere in time. As Jordan explains, currently used traffic systems should be abondoned because of soaring fuel prices, loss of time on traffic and the adverse effects on the environment. For this reason, that the metro systems grow into all over the place, can be an ideal solution for traffic problems. Thus making the psychology of people is a good subway system will be effective the use of performances of transport.

Besides the fact that subway systems contribute to better psychology, they also cause less environmental pollution. J. Wargo, L. Wargo and Alderman state that altough people have learned to accept the smell of exhaust from the engine as an element of daily life, most countries are experiencing an epidemic of diseases aggravated by air pollution ( 2006, para. 2). With the subway systems, it is possible to transform the world into a cleaner place and to prevent certain diseases. In addition, the subway is a great advantage to delay global warming. In 2004, total number of vehicles in the United States issued 314 MMTC (CEV) that causes global warming. (J. DeCicco & F. Fung, 2006, p. 21). This evidence clearly shows that transport systems contribute to global warming, no subways. Of course, the subway system is the best alternative transportation system for less environmental pollution.

The second important advantage of railway systems are that save the transportation time and cost. Firstly, railway systems are indispensible transportation vehicles in our time. Railway systems reduce the transportation costs. Agostini and Palmucci ( n.d ) state that a built metro station has a direct impact on reducing transport costs ( p. 9). That proves railway systems reduce the transportation costs. Besides, railway systems reduce the travel times. Gibbons (2005) states that subway systems directly saves on travel times to any remote destination (p. 150). This means, for less travel times railway systems should be used for congested cities. Related to this situation most countries are preffering railway systems.

Humanity are in space age, and it supports the using of technology in subway systems. Principally, security members take charge of protecting the subway against terrorist attacks. For instance, special teams interfere instantly someone or something that looks suspicious with submachine guns. Kelly (2008) reports that special teams keep handy submachine guns like the Heckler & Koch MP5 made in Germany (para. 14).It is a fact that special teams give confidence to passengers hugely and terrorist actions can not nostly be organized. Furthermore, well-trained dogs help special teams when they are in an incapable situation. As stated by Kelly, each dog walks around the subway stations’ trains and platform for bomb searching. (2008, para 4.). Special teams not only are entrusted, but also well-trained dogs are used for the security of subway. Thus, security members, equipped with the last technological equipment, provide passengers a comfortable trip because of protection against terrorist attacks.

Apart from contribution of security members , subway systems also protect with computer based security systems. Camera systems are one of the most significant security elements. As Policastro and Gordon mention, against many possible terrorist attack scenarios Operations Control Center (OCC) is used for emergency management decision by decision makers, and closed-circuit TV (CCTV) will have benefits in order to decrease the lenght of lost time in the future about analysing ( n.d, para. 2). With the new camera systems, suspicious people can be analysied in a short time. Apart from camera systems, chemical detection systems are mostly used, too. As stated by Policastro and Gordon (n.d), chemical sensors detect if an attack is, and if there are C/B ( Chemical/Biological) attack, whole trains in the area are stopped by sensors, and also reduce air movement at the locations or stations (para. 3). Chemical detection systems put chemical sensors in action to prevent chemical attacks. By the new technologies, computer based security systems have minimized the terrorist attack scenarios and give no victims to them.

In conclusion, subway systems are the most beneficial carrying system because they are technological, healthy and economical advantages. Subway systems which are the result of fuel and waste material produced are the most environmentally friendly transport. Subway systems are the ideal mode of transport in terms of time-money saving and accessibility for both people who live in cities and the managers of these cities. They are inspected more frequently than other transport systems and they are protected by the latest technology security systems. Thus, to have cheaper, more comfortable and safer travelling in daily life, subway systems should be expanded to every point in a city. Meanwhile, for a further research subway systems, to help the city's development and create employment in the field of researches can be done.